Four-Sided Imaging System and Method for Detection of Contraband

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a four-sided scanning system for vehicles that uses a combination of backscatter and transmission based X-ray imaging to achieve material discrimination. In one embodiment, the system is designed as a mobile, drive-through system, which can be folded and stowed in a truck and can be conveniently deployed at any place when required.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application relies on U.S. Patent Provisional No. 61/224,938 filedon Jul. 13, 2009 and is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/396,568, entitled “Single Boom Cargo ScanningSystem”, and filed on Mar. 3, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/948,814, entitled, “Single BoomCargo Scanning System”, filed on Nov. 30, 2007, and now issued U.S. Pat.No. 7,517,149, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,745,entitled, “Single Boom Cargo Scanning System”, filed on Aug. 9, 2004,which relies on, for priority, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/493,935, filed on Aug. 8, 2003 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/201,543, entitled “Self-ContainedPortable Inspection System and Method”, filed on Jul. 23, 2002 and nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,843,599. The '591 application further relies on U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/014,814, filed on Dec. 19, 2007, forpriority.

The present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/395,760, entitled “Single Boon Cargo ScanningSystem”, and filed on Mar. 2, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/051,910, entitled “Single Boom CargoScanning System”, and filed on Mar. 20, 2008, now issued U.S. Pat. No.7,519,148, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,369,463, of thesame title, filed on Jan. 12, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Pat. No. 7,322,745.

The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/339,591, entitled Rotatable Boom Cargo ScanningSystem, filed on Dec. 19, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/948,814, described above and also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/051,910,described above.

The present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/753,976, entitled “Self-Contained MobileInspection System”, and filed on Apr. 5, 2010, which is acontinuation-in-part of Ser. No. 12/349,534, of the same title, andfiled on Jan. 7, 2009 (and now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,720,195) which isa continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/939,986, entitled“Self-Contained Mobile Inspection System”, and filed on Sep. 13, 2004,which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/915,687 (issued as U.S.Pat. No. 7,322,745), which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.10/201,543 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,843,599) and further relies onU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/502,498, filed on Sep. 12,2003, for priority.

The present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/263,160, entitled “Cargo Scanning System”, andfiled on Oct. 31, 2008, which further relies on U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/984,786, filed on Nov. 2, 2007, for priority, and isa continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 7,322,745.

The present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/675,471, entitled “Scanning Systems”, and filedon Feb. 26, 2010, which is a National Stage Entry of PCT/GB08/02897.

The present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/784,630, entitled “Compact Cargo Mobile ScanningSystem”, and filed on May 21, 2010, which further relies on U.S.Provisional Patent Application Number 61/180,471, of the same title, andfiled on May 22, 2009, for priority.

All of the above-listed patent applications are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to X-ray scanning and detection systemsfor screening cars, buses, larger vehicles, and cargo containers forsuspicious trade and illicit substances. More specifically, the presentinvention relates to a four-sided imaging system that provides highdetection performance using a combination of transmission andbackscatter imaging sensors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

X-ray systems are used for medical, industrial and security inspectionpurposes because they can cost-effectively generate images of internalspaces not visible to the human eye. Materials exposed to X-rayradiation absorb differing amounts of X-ray radiation and, therefore,attenuate an X-ray beam to varying degrees, resulting in a transmittedor backscattered level of radiation that is characteristic of thematerial. The attenuated or backscattered radiation can be used togenerate a useful depiction of the contents of the irradiated object. Atypical single energy X-ray configuration used in security inspectionequipment may have a fan-shaped or scanning X-ray beam that istransmitted through or backscattered by the object inspected. Theabsorption or backscattering of X-rays is measured by detectors afterthe beam has passed through the object and an image is produced of itscontents and presented to an operator.

Trade fraud, smuggling and terrorism have increased the need for suchnon-intrusive inspection systems in applications ranging from curbsideinspection of parked vehicles to scanning in congested or high-trafficports because transportation systems, which efficiently provide for themovement of commodities across borders, also provide opportunities forthe inclusion of contraband items such as weapons, explosives, illicitdrugs and precious metals. The term port, while generally accepted asreferring to a seaport, also applies to a land border crossing or anyport of entry.

With an increase in global commerce, port authorities require additionalsea berths and associated container storage space. Additional spacerequirements are typically met by the introduction of higher containerstacks, an expansion of ports along the coastline or by moving inland.However, these scenarios are not typically feasible. Space is generallyin substantial demand and short supply. Existing ports operate under aroutine that is not easily modified without causing disruption to theentire infrastructure of the port. The introduction of new procedures ortechnologies often requires a substantial change in existing portoperating procedures in order to contribute to the port's throughput,efficiency and operability.

With limited space and a need to expand, finding suitable space toaccommodate additional inspection facilities along the normal processroute remains difficult. Additionally, selected locations are notnecessarily permanent enough for port operators to commit to the longterm installation of inspection equipment. Moreover, systemsincorporating high-energy X-ray sources, or linear accelerators (LINAC),require either a major investment in shielding material (generally inthe form of concrete formations or buildings) or the use of exclusionzones (dead space) around the building itself. In either case, thebuilding footprint is significant depending upon the size of cargocontainers to be inspected.

A mobile inspection system offers an appropriate solution to the needfor flexible, enhanced inspection capabilities. Because the system isrelocatable and investing in a permanent building in which toaccommodate the equipment is obviated, site allocation becomes less ofan issue and introducing such a system becomes less disruptive. Also, amobile X-ray system provides operators, via higher throughput, with theability to inspect a larger array of cargo, shipments, vehicles, andother containers.

Conventional relocatable inspection systems generally comprise at leasttwo booms, wherein one boom will contain a plurality of detectors andthe other boom will contain at least one X-ray source. The detectors andX-ray source work in unison to scan the cargo on the moving vehicle. Inconventional single boom relocatable inspection systems, the X-raysource is located on a truck or flatbed and the detectors on a boomstructure extending outward from the truck. These systems arecharacterized by moving-scan-engine systems wherein the source-detectorsystem moves with respect to a stationary object to be inspected. Also,the detectors and the source of radiation are either mounted on amoveable bed, boom or a vehicle such that they are integrally bound withthe vehicle. This limits the flexibility of dismantling the entiresystem for optimum portability and adjustable deployment to accommodatea wide array of different sized cargo, shipments, vehicles, and othercontainers. As a result these systems can be complicated to deploy andpose several disadvantages and constraints. Conventional systems aredisadvantageous in that they suffer from a lack of rigidity, aredifficult to implement, and/or have smaller fields of vision.

Accordingly, there is need for improved inspection methods and systemsbuilt into a fully self-contained, over-the-road-legal vehicle that canbe brought to a site and rapidly deployed for inspection. The improvedmethod and system can, therefore, service multiple inspection sites andset up surprise inspections to thwart contraband traffickers whotypically divert smuggling operations from border crossings that havetough interdiction measures to softer crossings with lesser inspectioncapabilities. Moreover, there is an additional need for methods andsystems that require minimal footprint to perform inspection and thatuse a sufficient range of radiation energy spectrum to encompass safeand effective scanning of light commercial vehicles as well assubstantially loaded 20-foot or 40-foot ISO cargo containers. It isimportant that such scanning is performed without comprising theintegrity of the cargo and should ideally be readily deployable in avariety of environments ranging from airports to ports of entry where asingle-sided inspection mode needs to be used due to congestedenvironments. Similar needs are addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,543,599,entitled “Self-Contained Portable Inspection System and Method”, whichis herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, thereis a need for improved methods and systems that can providecomprehensive cargo scanning in portable and stationary settings.

Further, in the mobile cargo inspection systems known in the art, theboom structures are typically heavy, thereby causing the overall weightof the scanning system to be close to, or even over the allowable axleload limits. Further, the booms are bulky when stowed such that thevehicle is approximately 4 m high above road level. This makes a mobilescanning system not only difficult to manoeuvre but also restricts itsmovement in different territories due to the applicable roadrestrictions on carriage weight. Therefore, there is also a need for ascanning system that can be stowed in a relatively compact area so thatit can be easily transported on road, as well as by air. In addition,there is also a need for a scanning system which is light weight, andhas a low height and center of gravity in a stowed position, therebyallowing for road transport even in challenging, steep and hilly areas.

Further, inspection typically occurs from only three or fewerdirections. For example, a transmission X-ray system will be deployed ina side-shooter or top-shooter configuration while a backscatter systemis generally only available in single-sided or three-sidedconfigurations.

Therefore, what is also needed is a four-sided imaging system whichprovides high detection performance using a combination of transmissionand backscatter imaging sensors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention is a scanning system for theinspection of cargo, comprising: a portal defining an inspection area,said portal comprising a first vertical side, a second vertical side, atop horizontal side, and a horizontal base defined by a ramp adapted tobe driven over by a vehicle, a first X-ray source disposed on at leastone of the first vertical side, second vertical side or top horizontalside for generating an X-ray beam into the inspection area toward thevehicle, a first set of transmission detectors disposed within theportal for receiving the X-rays transmitted through the vehicle, asecond X-ray source disposed within the ramp of said portal forgenerating an X-ray beam towards the underside of the vehicle, and asecond set of detectors disposed within the ramp of said portal forreceiving X-rays that are backscattered from the vehicle.

In one embodiment, the system is collapsible. In one embodiment, theramp comprises a base platform hinged to a first angled surface and asecond angled surface and wherein, when said system is collapsed, thefirst angled surface and second angled surface are rotated upward.

In one embodiment, the top horizontal side is connected to said firstvertical side at a first end and to said second vertical side at asecond end and wherein the first X-ray source is disposed at a point midway between said first end and said second end.

In one embodiment, the first X-ray source is a high energy source havingan energy ranging from 100 kVp to 2 MV. In another embodiment, thesecond X-ray source is a low energy source having an energy ranging from60 kVp to 250 kVp.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises a controller, whereinsaid controller is adapted to activate the first X-ray source only whenthe second X-ray source is inactive.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises a primary rotatingcollimator placed adjacent to said first X-ray source, and a secondarystatic collimator placed adjacent to said rotating collimator andparallel to the inspection surface, wherein said secondary collimator isadapted to generate a first irradiation area in the center of theinspection area and a second irradiation area at a periphery of theinspection area and wherein said second irradiation area is larger thanthe first irradiation area.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises backscatter detectors inat least one of said first vertical side, said second vertical side, andsaid top horizontal side. In another embodiment, the backscatter X-raysource is not disposed with said backscatter detectors in at least oneof said first vertical side, said second vertical side, and said tophorizontal side.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a method for inspectinga vehicle, comprising: providing a portal defining an inspection area,said portal comprising a first vertical side, a second vertical side, atop horizontal side, and a horizontal base defined by a ramp adapted tobe driven over by a vehicle; signalling a vehicle to drive over theramp; irradiating a vehicle with X-rays from a first source disposed onone side of the portal; detecting the X-rays transmitted through thevehicle, using transmission detectors disposed within the portal, toproduce a first output signal representative of the vehicle and contentsthereof; irradiating the underside of the vehicle with X-rays from asecond source disposed within the ramp; detecting X-rays scattered backfrom the vehicle, using backscatter detectors disposed within the ramp,to produce a second output signal representative of the vehicle andcontents thereof; and correlating said first output signal and saidsecond output signal to produce a visual image of the vehicle andcontents thereof. In one embodiment, the first X-ray source is operatedwhen said second X-ray source is inactive.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a scanning systemfor inspecting a vehicle, comprising: a portal defining an inspectionarea, said portal comprising a first vertical side and a second verticalside spaced apart from each other and each having a top side; a thirdside connecting said two top sides; a ramp over adapted to be drivenover by a vehicle; an X-ray source disposed on one side of the portalfor generating an X-ray beam into the inspection area; a first set ofdetectors disposed within the portal for receiving X-rays transmittedthrough the vehicle; a second set of detectors disposed within the rampand the first, second and third sides of said portal for receivingX-rays backscattered from the vehicle; and an image processor forreceiving output signals from said first and second set of detectors andoverlaying said output signals onto a visual image of the vehicle andcontents thereof.

In one embodiment, the first set of detectors is disposed on at leasttwo of the same sides of the portal as the second set of detectors. Inone embodiment, the first set of detectors comprises a first detectorand a second detector adapted to measure an energy component of X-raystransmitted through the vehicle in a range of 0 keV to 50 keV and 20 keVto 200 keV, respectively, and a third detector to measure an energycomponent of X-rays transmitted through the vehicle in a range of 100keV to 2 MeV. In one embodiment, the three detectors are in a stackedconfiguration. In one embodiment, a difference between an output of thethird detector and a sum of outputs of the first and second detectors isused to achieve material discrimination.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises a sensor to measure aspeed of the vehicle as it passes through the portal. In one embodiment,the system further comprises a controller wherein said controller is indata communication with the sensor and receives the speed of vehicle andwherein said controller is adapted to modulate a pulse rate of the X-raysource to attain a substantially constant dose per unit length of thevehicle under inspection based on the speed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will beappreciated, as they become better understood by reference to thefollowing detailed description when considered in connection with theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the four-sided X-ray imagingsystem of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an orthogonal view of the four-sided X-ray imagingsystem of the present invention;

FIG. 3a is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a first configuration;

FIG. 3b illustrates an orthogonal view of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a first configuration, as shown inFIG. 3 a;

FIG. 3c is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a second configuration;

FIG. 3d illustrates an orthogonal view of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a second configuration, as shown inFIG. 3 c;

FIG. 3e is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a third configuration;

FIG. 3f illustrates an orthogonal view of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a third configuration, as shown inFIG. 3 e;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of one embodiment of a triple-stacked detectorelement;

FIG. 5 is an integrator circuit diagram of signal processing as signalsfrom each detector element are passed to the integrator circuits;

FIGS. 6a is a graphical representation of analyzed digital sensorvalues;

FIG. 6b is another graphical representation of analyzed digital sensorvalues;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of one embodiment of a sensor that is capableof collecting backscattered radiation information and generating abackscatter image of a region;

FIG. 8 is a representative cross-section of one embodiment of an X-raysource that may be used with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is an illustration of the X-ray beam as it comes into contactwith the object under inspection and the subsequent backscatter;

FIG. 10a is an illustration of one embodiment of the present inventionin which a pencil-like rotating collimator is replaced with a slot-likerotating collimator;

FIG. 10b is a graphical representation of the time at which a pulsedX-ray source can be fired to create a corresponding line of an X-raytransmission image with no interference from the backscatter detector;

FIG. 11a is an illustration of another embodiment of the presentinvention in which the scanning assembly may optionally be integratedwith a transport trailer, in a first configuration;

FIG. 11b is an illustration of another embodiment of the presentinvention in which the scanning assembly may optionally be integratedwith a transport trailer, in a second configuration;

FIG. 11c is an illustration of another embodiment of the presentinvention in which the scanning assembly may optionally be integratedwith a transport trailer, in a third configuration;

FIG. 11d is an illustration of another embodiment of the presentinvention in which the scanning assembly may optionally be integratedwith a transport trailer, in a fourth configuration;

FIG. 12 depicts another embodiment of the present invention in which afour-sided backscatter detector is mounted around the periphery of thescanning volume/tunnel;

FIG. 13a depicts another embodiment of the X-ray system of the presentinvention with an alternate transmission X-ray imaging geometry;

FIG. 13b depicts another embodiment of the X-ray system of the presentinvention with an alternate transmission X-ray imaging geometry;

FIG. 13c depicts another embodiment of the X-ray system of the presentinvention with an alternate transmission X-ray imaging geometry;

FIG. 14 is an illustration on another embodiment of the presentinvention where the system further includes vehicle detect sensors;

FIG. 15 is a composite image which overlays a backscatter signal with anoptical image; and

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary mechanism by which the optical image can begenerated by taking an image signal from a mirror.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed towards a four-sided imaging systemthat provides high detection performance using a combination oftransmission and backscatter imaging sensors. The present invention isdirected towards multiple embodiments. Language used in thisspecification should not be interpreted as a general disavowal of anyone specific embodiment or used to limit the claims beyond the meaningof the terms used therein. Reference will now be made in detail tospecific embodiments of the invention. While the invention will bedescribed in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is not intendedto limit the invention to one embodiment.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a four-sidedX-ray imaging system 100. As shown in FIG. 1, vehicle 105 drives over aramp 110 and underneath an archway 115, which defines an inspectionportal. Specifically, the portal is defined by a first (left) side 106,a second (right) side 107, a top side 108 and a bottom platform 109,which is a portion of the ramp. In one embodiment, ramp 110 comprises abase, a first angled surface leading upward to a flat transition pointdefining the highest part of the ramp, which also functions as thebottom platform 109, and a second angled surface leading back down tothe ground. The highest part of the ramp is typically between 50 and 150mm in height. In one embodiment, archway 115 houses multiple X-raytransmission detectors 117 and at least one X-ray source 119, housedwithin an enclosure, shown as 220 in FIG. 2.

While FIG. 1 depicts the X-ray source 119 as being on the left side 106of the portal, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that itcould be on the right side 107, with an appropriate reconfiguration ofthe detectors 117. In one embodiment, the first side 106 has a height106 a in a range of 2 meters to 5 meters and a width 106 b in a range of2 meters to 4 meters; the second side 107 has a height 107 a in a rangeof 2 meters to 5 meters and a width 107 b in a range of 2 meters to 4meters; the top side 108 has a length 108 a in a range of 2 meters to 5meters and a width 108 b in a range of 2 meters to 4 meters; and thebottom platform 109 has a length 109 a in a range of 2 meters to 5meters and a width 109 b in a range of 2 meters to 4 meters, where thewidth depends upon the location of the main aperture. Further, bottomplatform 109 has a height in a range of 0.2 meter to 0.4 meter,depending upon the width; in one embodiment, a bottom platform 109having a width of 2 meters has a height of 0.2 meter. Accordingly, thefour sides, each having an interior face directed toward in theinspection region and an exterior face directed away from the inspectionregion, define an inspection portal having an inspection area of aminimum of 2 m² to a maximum of 20 m².

Preferably, the enclosure housing the X-ray is physically attached tothe exterior face of the first side 106 and is approximately 1 metertall. The position of the enclosure depends upon the size of theinspection portal. In one embodiment, the enclosure occupies 20% to 50%of the total height of the first side 106. Thus, in one embodiment, iffirst side 106 is five meters, then the enclosure occupies 20% of thetotal height. In another embodiment, if first side 106 is 2 meters, theenclosure occupies 50% of the height.

In one embodiment, a slit or opening 121 is provided on first side 106,through which X-rays are emitted. Slit or opening 121 extendssubstantially up first side 106 to approximately 100% of the height. Inone embodiment, slit or opening 121 is covered with a thin coating thatis easily transparent to an X-ray. In one embodiment, the thin coatingis comprises of a material such as aluminium or plastic and furtherprovides an environmental shield.

In one embodiment, the enclosure and X-ray unit further comprise a firstcollimator close to the source of X-rays (not shown) and a secondcollimator close to the exit (not shown), described in greater detailbelow.

Where the X-ray source enclosure is so positioned, detectors 117 arepositioned on the interior face of the second side 107 and the interiorface of tope side 108 and occupy the full height of second side 107 andthe full length of top side 108, proximate to second side 107.

In another embodiment, the enclosure housing the X-ray is physicallyattached to the exterior face of the second side 107 and isapproximately 1 meter tall. The position of the enclosure depends uponthe size of the inspection portal. In one embodiment, the enclosureoccupies 20% to 50% of the total height of the first side 107. Thus, inone embodiment, if first side 107 is five meters, then the enclosureoccupies 20% of the total height. In another embodiment, if first side107 is 2 meters, the enclosure occupies 50% of the height. As describedabove with respect to first side 106, if the enclosure housing the X-rayis on second side 107, a slit or opening (not shown) is similarlyprovided on second side 107. The detectors are also similarly positionedon the interior faces of top side 108 and first side 106 when theenclosure is on second side 107.

In one embodiment, with a dual-view system, an enclosure housing anX-ray source can be provided on both the first side 106 and second side107.

FIG. 2 illustrates an orthogonal view of the system 200, showing bothinlet ramp 210 a and exit ramp 210 b, as well as the X-ray sourceenclosure 220, containing X-ray source 219.

A transmission system in a “side-shooter” configuration, where thesource enclosure is positioned on the first side or second side and emitX-rays toward one side of the vehicle, provides clear inspection of thedoors, seats, engine compartment, luggage compartment and roof of thevehicle under inspection. However, such an image provides poorinspection of the floor plan of the vehicle. A “down-shooter”configuration, where the source enclosure is positioned the bottomportion of the first side or second side and emit X-rays from thisbottom, lower position in an upward direction, provides a limitedinspection capability for the roof of the vehicle since the X-ray signalfor this region is superimposed over the complex and more attenuatingX-ray signal of the floor (and passengers), thus resulting in an imageof marginal value.

In order to provide good penetration of the denser, more highlyattenuating objects within the vehicle, such as the engine and luggagecompartments, it is advantageous to use a high energy X-ray source, evenif tuned to a low output intensity. A suitable high voltage source hasan energy ranging from 100 kVp to 2 MV. In one embodiment, at lowerenergies, a standard X-ray tube source is employed. In anotherembodiment, at higher energies, a pulse linear accelerator source isemployed. In one embodiment of the present invention, standard operatingenergies are 200 kVp for the lower energy and 1 MV for the higherenergy.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in order to provide a high level of inspectioncapability, ramp 110, over which the vehicle drives is equipped with,and contains therein, a backscatter X-ray unit which comprises a lowenergy X-ray source, typically having an energy ranging from 60 kVp to250 kVp, and a plurality of detectors. It should be appreciated that thebackscatter unit can be integrated into any floor structure which ismovable and deployable to different locations and over which a car candrive. The backscatter signal from the floor of the vehicle isinfluenced strongly by regions of low atomic number material. Mostregions of the vehicle floor are fabricated from high atomic numberstructural materials such as steel and therefore provide a smallbackscatter signal. The floor of a car is typically fabricated fromrelatively thin stamped steel, which typically has a thickness in therange of 1-2 mm. Typically, an X-ray beam can penetrate through thisfloor and into the objects just above. If low atomic number materialsare positioned just above the floor, then these will be visible to X-raybackscatter detectors while they would be invisible to standard visualinspection.

In operating a four-sided imaging system which combines X-raybackscatter with X-ray transmission imaging, it is highly advantageousto use a pulsed accelerator based X-ray source for transmission imagingwith a continuous output X-ray source for backscatter imaging since thetransmission beam X-ray pulse may be timed to coincide with a period intime when the backscatter system is inactive, thus eliminating anycross-talk between the two X-ray systems and facilitating simultaneousfour-sided X-ray inspection. It should also be appreciated that thetransmission detectors and backscatter detectors are in datacommunication with a memory and processor which, in conjunction with acontroller, generate one or more transmission and/or backscatter images.

Because it is highly advantageous to be able to rapidly andnon-invasively deploy an X-ray system for security screening at a sitein order to provide an element of surprise in the screening activity, inone embodiment, the present invention is a rapidly collapsible X-raysystem that can be loaded onto a truck for transport between sites.

FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, and 3f depict one embodiment of a rapidlycollapsible X-ray imaging system in several configurations. FIG. 3a is aschematic representation of one embodiment of a readily collapsibleX-ray imaging system in a first configuration, wherein the system is ina fully deployed position. Rapidly collapsible X-ray imaging system 300comprises horizontal X-ray sensor section 305, a vertical boom section310, a drive-over backscatter section 315 and a vertical boom supportand collimator section 320 through which the transmission beampropagates from source 319. Further, X-ray imaging system 300 comprisesramp 325 (inlet and outlet) which allows a vehicle to drive over theX-ray backscatter unit seamlessly. FIG. 3b illustrates an orthogonalview of one embodiment of a readily collapsible X-ray imaging system asshown in FIG. 3a . FIG. 3b illustrates source 319, vertical support andcollimator section 320, horizontal X-ray sensor section 305, and ramp325.

The rapidly deployable system of the present invention can be made readyfor operation in a period of only a few minutes from arrival at theinspection site. In one embodiment, in order to stow the system readyfor transportation, and referring back to FIG. 3a , a set of hydraulicrams or other suitable mechanisms are used to collapse vertical boomsections 310 and 320 inward using hinges 321 and 322, respectively.Hinges 321 and 322 are positioned, in one embodiment, mid-way up theheight of vertical boom sections 310 and 320, respectively. Whenvertical boom sections 310 and 320 are collapsed inward using hinges 321and 322, horizontal boom section 305 is “lowered” such that it rests ontop of collapsed vertical boom sections 310, 320.

FIG. 3c is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a second configuration, whereinvertical boom sections 310 and 320 are folded inwards and collapsed athinges 321, 322. FIG. 3d illustrates an orthogonal view of oneembodiment of a readily collapsible X-ray imaging system in a secondconfiguration, as shown in FIG. 3c , further showing ramp 325 and source319.

FIG. 3e is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a readilycollapsible X-ray imaging system in a third configuration, wherein rampsections 325 are folded upward using hydraulic rams or other suitablemechanisms. FIG. 3f illustrates an orthogonal view of one embodiment ofa readily collapsible X-ray imaging system in a third configuration, asshown in FIG. 3e , illustrating ramp 325 which has been folded upwardsat both the inlet and outlet. At this point, the system is ready fortransport. It should be appreciated that the angled ramp outlet andinlet are hinged to the base platform and capable of moving up such thatthe tip 327 is directed upward, for achieving system mobility, andmoving downward to form the completed ramp. The base platform preferablyhouses the above-described backscatter system.

In order to deploy the system, the X-ray imaging assembly is placed onsite and powered on. Electrical power may be derived from a local mainselectricity supply or from an integrated diesel generator. Hydraulicrams or other suitable mechanisms are then used to fold down the twoportions (inlet and outlet) of the ramp 325. In one embodiment, theinlet and outlet portions of ramp 325 are folded simultaneously. Oncethe ramps 325 are down, a second set of hydraulic rams or other suitablemechanisms are used to open vertical boom sections 310 and 320. At thispoint, the system is ready for use.

In one embodiment, the X-ray imaging system of the present invention iscapable of providing an image inspector with information relating to thetypes of material that are present in the object under inspection. In alarge aperture inspection system of this type, a high energy X-ray beamis needed in order to penetrate through the object under inspection.This X-ray beam contains a broad spectrum of X-ray energies ranging fromvery low energies (typically less than 10 keV) up to the highest energyas determined by the tube or linear accelerator operating voltage(typically in the range of 100 keV to 2 MeV). Due to the uniquecomposition of each material in the object under inspection, thematerials each demonstrate specific attenuation of the X-ray beam,wherein this attenuation also comprises an energy dependent component.

Conventionally, a low energy (typically less than 450 kVp) X-ray beamcan yield material discrimination information when a thin front detectormeasures the low energy component of the beam and a thicker reardetector measures the higher energy components of the beam. Here, thetwo detectors analyze different materials in the object under inspectiondue to differential photoelectric absorption of the primary X-ray beam.In addition, in the case of a high energy beam (typically in the range 1MV and above), the fraction of Compton scatter increases markedly. Tworelatively thick detectors can be used to discriminate between materialswhere a first detector is used to absorb the majority of the signalbelow approximately 200 keV where photoelectric effect dominates while asecond detector measures Compton-attenuated signal only.

FIG. 4 is a depiction of a triple-stacked detector. As shown in FIG. 4,incident X-ray beam 401 passes through two low energy detectors, LE₁ 405and LE₂ 410, prior to passing through a high energy detector HE 415.Each detector may be formed from a range of X-ray detection materialssuch as a scintillator (which converts X-ray energy to opticalradiation), a semiconductor (which converts X-ray energy to conductionband electrons) or a gas ionization detector (which converts X-rayenergy to electron-ion pairs). In one embodiment, the detectorconfiguration described with respect to FIG. 4 is employed with a 1 to 2MeV system, where the beam energy is above 450 kVp. In one embodiment,first detector LE₁ 405 is capable of measuring an energy component ofX-rays transmitted through the object in the range of 0 to 50 keV. Inone embodiment, second detector LE₂ 410 is capable of measuring anenergy component of X-rays transmitted through the object in the rangeof 20 to 200 keV. In one embodiment, third detector HE 415, is capableof measuring an energy component of X-rays transmitted through theobject in the range of 100 keV to 2 MeV.

In each case, signals from each detector element are passed tointegrator circuits, as shown in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, but notlimited to such embodiment, a scintillation detector is employed inwhich an electrical signal generated in a photodiode is converted to adigital value which is directly proportional to the detected X-rayintensity. Independent scintillator/photodiode/integrator circuits areused for each of the three detector elements 405, 410, and 415, shown inFIG. 4.

Referring back to FIG. 5, in operation, integrator 500 is set withswitches 505, 510, and 515 in an open position. Just prior to X-rayexposure, switch 505 is closed and integration starts. At the end of theexposure, switch 505 is opened and the stored charge is held on thecapacitor. When the analog to digital converter (ADC) is available,switch 515 is closed, and the stored signal is converted to a digitalvalue. At the end of conversion, switch 515 is opened again and switch510 is closed. This resets the integrator 500 so that it is ready forthe next acquisition cycle.

The obtained digital sensor values may then be analyzed, using the abovedescribed processor, as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b . In FIG. 6a , thedifference 605 between the two low energy sensors LE₁ and LE₂, isanalyzed as a function of transmitted X-ray beam intensity 610. At bothsignificantly low and significantly high attenuation regions, wherethere is either no information or where the object is thick and there isno transmission, respectively, the difference between the two sensors issmall, but at intermediate intensities, the difference increases toyield material-specific dependence. Two or more thresholds as a functionof intensity can be derived to allow materials to be segmented, forexample, into organic (Low-Z) and inorganic (High-Z) types, 615 and 620,respectively. Since this method relies on differential absorption ofX-rays through the photoelectric effect, the technique does not providea significant discrimination result at attenuation equivalent to a steelthickness of more than about 20 mm for an energy of about 180 keV or 40mm for an energy of about 1 MeV.

As shown in FIG. 6b , using the processor to determine the ratio ofCompton to photoelectric signals provides materials discrimination overa wider range of object attenuations and is suited to operation atlarger material thicknesses. Thus in FIG. 6b , the difference 635between the high energy sensor HE and the sum of the two low energysensors LE₁ and LE₂ [i.e, HE−(LE₁+LE₂) is analyzed as a function oftransmitted X-ray beam intensity 640. Combining the two effects providesa significant improvement over using just two low energy sensors (LE₁and LE₂) or a single low energy (LE₁ or LE₂) and a single high energy(HE) sensor.

Using the separately obtained X-ray backscattering signals, an alternatematerials analysis can be performed. Here, the Compton interaction of anX-ray with an electron results in incoherent scattering in which thescattered X-ray has less energy than the incident X-ray. The ability ofa material to scatter is dominated by its atomic number (which isroughly proportional to density for solid materials)—the higher thedensity or atomic number the better it is at scattering. However, densematerials are also very good at absorbing X-rays compared to low densitymaterials. For this reason, low density materials tend to result in astronger backscattering signal than high density materials. Such abackscatter signal can be used advantageously in a security inspectionprocess.

It should be noted that a signal from an X-ray source falls off as theinverse square of the distance from the source, and thus becomes weakerthe farther it is away from the object, with the same effect being trueof the scattered radiation from the object. Further, the low energybackscattered signal is strongly absorbed by high density materials suchas steel which means that this is a good technique for analysis of thesteel floor pan in a car or similar small vehicle where one isinterested in locating regions of low density material.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of one embodiment of a sensor that is capableof collecting backscattered radiation information and generating abackscatter image of a region. X-ray source 705 generates a thin pencilbeam of radiation which, from within the base platform, sweeps rapidlyfrom left to right over the two detector regions 710. The X-ray beamsweeps across the field of view of the object to be inspected typicallyin a time period of much less than a second and generally ranging from 5ms to 100 ms. As the beam sweeps across the object under inspection theX-ray backscatter detectors 710 receive scattered signal from theadjacent interaction point of the primary X-ray beam with the objectunder inspection. The strength of the backscattered signal is dependenton the density at that region of the object. By temporal synchronisationreadout of the detector element with the position of the primary beamlocation, a one-dimensional backscatter image can be obtained. Knowingthe speed at which the vehicle moves past the sensor allows atwo-dimensional image to be recreated from the set of one-dimensionalimage sections.

In one embodiment, the detectors are advantageously formed using a largearea scintillation detector where the X-ray generated light is reflectedinto a large area photo-sensor such as a photomultiplier tube. Analternative embodiment may comprise a gas ionization chamber with adrift field to speed up collection of ion and electron signal currents.

FIG. 8 is a representative cross-section of an X-ray source that may beused with the present invention. Radiation source 800, with an extendedanode 805, is shown whereby anode 805 operates at ground potential witha cathode 810 at a negative high voltage. It will be apparent to oneskilled in the art that alternative configurations with a groundedcathode and differential systems with a cathode at negative potentialand anode at positive potential are also possible. The X-ray source isshielded by suitable materials, such as tungsten and lead, to preventunwanted radiation from the X-ray tube from reaching the object underinspection.

An electric motor 815 and a gearbox 820 drive a collimator 825 whichcomprises a solid block of tungsten or a combined tungsten/lead/steelassembly forming one or more predetermined voids, spaces, or holes 830which allow radiation to be emitted in a pencil-beam fashion in adirection perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the collimator 825.Two such collimator holes 830 are shown diametrically opposed in FIG. 8.A high voltage connection 840 provides a point for electrical connectionto the X-ray tube such that the high voltage power supply can be mountedremotely away from the X-ray inspection area.

While in operation, the axis of rotation of the collimator is in thedirection of motion of the object under inspection such that the primaryX-ray beam sweeps in a direction perpendicular to the motion of theobject under inspection. As shown in FIG. 9, the X-ray beam 905 emergesfrom the source assembly 906 in a first direction and, at the point ofintersection 907 of the primary beam 905 with the object to be inspected910, generates backscattered radiation 912, which interacts with theadjacent X-ray detector 915.

As described above, the intensity of the primary beam averaged over anarea is dependent upon the distance of that measurement point from thesource origin. For this reason, the signal received at the periphery ofthe scanning zone will be less intense than that received nearer to thecenter of the inspection zone for an identical scattering surface. Toaddress this issue, as shown in FIG. 10a , in one embodiment of thepresent invention, the pencil-like rotating collimator section isreplaced with a slot-like rotating collimator section 1005. A secondcollimation aperture 1010 is then placed adjacent to the rotatingcollimator and parallel to the inspection surface. The secondarycollimator 1010 is narrow at the center of the inspection area 1015(directly above the rotating slot collimator 1005) and widens out atdistance from the rotating slot collimator. This provides a smallirradiation area 1020 in the centre of the inspection region where theprimary beam intensity is high and a larger irradiation at the peripheryof the inspection region where the primary beam intensity is lower. Thispreserves the dynamic range of the signal and makes it easier to bothcollect the data with good signal to noise ratio and to reconstruct theindividual scan line object density.

In order to minimize cross talk between the backscatter imagingcomponent and the transmission X-ray imaging system, it is advantageousto synchronize the operation of the two systems. For a rotatingbackscatter collimator with two apertures, each located substantiallyopposite to the other (i.e. one rotated at 180 degrees from the other)there are moments in time where neither collimator is emitting a beamonto the object. This occurs with the collimator at both 0 degrees and180 degrees relative to the scanning plane.

Accordingly, As shown in FIG. 10b , it is preferred to activate a pulsedX-ray source at time T_(1-N) 1030 to generate a corresponding line ofthe transmission X-ray image when the collimator is not emitting abackscatter beam onto the object, shown as times T′_(1-N) 1040, therebyavoiding interference with the backscatter detector. In one embodiment,for an X-ray source pulsing at 100 Hz, the backscatter imagingcollimator needs to operate at 50 revolutions per second or 300 RPM. Byplacing a phase lock loop or equivalent feedback circuit between thecollimator motor controller and the X-ray transmission sourcecontroller, it is possible to adjust the frequency of the collimator andX-ray source to take into account variation in speed of the object underinspection as it passes through the X-ray imaging system.

As shown in FIGS. 11a, 11b, 11c, and 11d , in another embodiment of thepresent invention, the mechanical scanning assembly may optionally beintegrated with a trailer to permit towing of the equipment behind avehicle. FIG. 11a shows system 1105 a in a first configuration, deployedand ready for use where the transport trailer 1110 a is folded up at theside of the inspection system and vehicle ramps 1115 a are in an openand ready to be drive-over position. When it is time to stow theequipment, the detector arrays are folded down and the vehicle ramps1115 b are folded up, as shown in FIG. 11b such that the system is in asecond configuration. As shown in FIG. 11c , in a third configuration,the trailer 1110 c is lowered, lifting up one end of the imagingequipment 1120 c. As shown in FIG. 11d , a winch or other mechanism isthen used to pull the X-ray system 1105 d onto the trailer ready fortransport, in a fourth configuration. To deploy the system, the abovedescribed process is implemented in reverse. Advantageously, the vehiclewhich is used to tow the trailer is provided with image inspectioncomputers, which one or more operators can use to analyze images and sodivert and stop vehicles for further search as required and whichcomprises the aforementioned memory and processors used to processincoming backscatter and transmission data signals.

FIG. 12 depicts another embodiment of the present invention in which afour-sided backscatter detector 1205 is mounted around the periphery ofthe scanning tunnel. Each panel of the detector is similar to the sensordescribed with reference to FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 a, but now afour-sided backscatter image may also be generated. Advantageously, thebackscatter detectors are mounted to the same frame as the transmissionX-ray system such that simultaneous transmission and backscatter imagedata can be acquired. This allows overlay of backscatter andtransmission X-ray images by suitable image manipulation. In thisembodiment, backscatter detectors, and not a backscatter X-ray source,are integrated into one or more of the first side 106, second side 107,and top side 108. Alternatively, backscatter detectors, and not abackscatter X-ray source, may be integrated into all three of the firstside 106, second side 107, and top side 108. Alternatively, backscatterdetectors with a backscatter X-ray source may be integrated into one ormore of the first side 106, second side 107, and top side 108.

FIGS. 13a, 13b, and 13c depict other embodiments of the X-ray system ofthe present invention with alternate transmission X-ray imaginggeometries. FIG. 13a shows the X-ray source 1305 a in a “down-shooter”configuration, while FIG. 13b shows a combination or dual-view systemthat includes both “down-shooter” 1305 b and “side-shooter” 1310 b. FIG.13c shows a dual-view system, with both down-shooter 1305 c andside-shooter 1310 c, further comprising a four-sided backscatter system,with a backscatter source and backscatter detectors integrated into thebase of the system 1320 c and backscatter detectors, together withtransmission detectors, integrated into each of the remaining threesides 1325 c. It should be evident to those of ordinary skill in the artthat other configurations can be derived based on this disclosure.

FIG. 14 is an illustration of one embodiment of the present inventionwhere the system further comprises at least one, and preferably acombination of two, vehicle presence detection sensors 1405 and 1410, tothe right and left, respectively, of the main gantry 1401. Sensor 1405is used to turn the X-ray beam on when the vehicle approaches. This isthe right-most sensor when the vehicle approaches from the right asshown in the diagram. Sensor 1410 (the left most sensor in the diagram)is used to turn the X-ray beam off once the vehicle has passed throughthe imaging plane. In one embodiment, an additional sensor may be usedto measure the speed of the vehicle as it passes through the sensor.Vehicle speed may be used to modulate the speed of collimator rotationand source pulse rate to ensure that good image quality is maintainedindependent of vehicle speed. This also allows a constant dose per unitlength of the vehicle under inspection to be delivered which helps toensure a known and safe dose to the driver and other occupants of thevehicle during X-ray screening.

FIG. 15 shows a composite image which overlays the X-ray backscattersignal 1505 from the underside of the vehicle under inspection to becorrelated with an optical image 1510 of the same vehicle that isacquired using a suitable optical system at the same time the X-rayimage is acquired.

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary mechanism by which the optical image can begenerated by taking an image signal from a mirror 1605 which rotateswith the X-ray collimator through one or more optical filters 1610 toone or more photo detectors 1615. This configuration ensures the opticalimage is captured at a known time relative to the generation of atransmission image.

While there has been illustrated and described what is at presentconsidered to be a preferred embodiment of the present invention, itwill be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes andmodifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the true scope of the invention.In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particularsituation or material to the teachings of the invention withoutdeparting from the central scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended thatthis invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed asthe best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention, but that theinvention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of theappended claims.

1. A scanning system for the inspection of cargo, comprising: a portaldefining an inspection area, said portal comprising a first verticalside, a second vertical side, a top horizontal side, and a horizontalbase defined by a ramp adapted to be driven over by a vehicle; a firstX-ray source disposed on at least one of the first vertical side, secondvertical side or top horizontal side for generating an X-ray beam intothe inspection area toward the vehicle; a first set of transmissiondetectors disposed within the portal for receiving the X-raystransmitted through the vehicle; a second X-ray source disposed withinthe ramp of said portal for generating an X-ray beam towards theunderside of the vehicle; and a second set of detectors disposed withinthe ramp of said portal for receiving X-rays that are backscattered fromthe vehicle.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said first X-ray sourceis a high energy source having an energy ranging from 100 kVp to 2 MV.3. The system of claim 1, wherein said second X-ray source is a lowenergy source having an energy ranging from 60 kVp to 250 kVp.
 4. Thesystem of claim 1, further comprising a controller, wherein saidcontroller is adapted to activate the first X-ray source only when thesecond X-ray source is inactive.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein saidsystem is collapsible.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said rampcomprises a base platform hinged to a first angled surface and a secondangled surface and wherein, when said system is collapsed, the firstangled surface and second angled surface are rotated upward.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein said top horizontal side is connected to saidfirst vertical side at a first end and to said second vertical side at asecond end and wherein the first X-ray source is disposed at a point midway between said first end and said second end.
 8. The system of claim 1further comprising a primary rotating collimator placed adjacent to saidfirst X-ray source, and a secondary static collimator placed adjacent tosaid rotating collimator and parallel to the inspection surface, whereinsaid secondary collimator is adapted to generate a first irradiationarea in the center of the inspection area and a second irradiation areaat a periphery of the inspection area and wherein said secondirradiation area is larger than the first irradiation area.
 9. Thesystem of claim 1 further comprising backscatter detectors in at leastone of said first vertical side, said second vertical side, and said tophorizontal side.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein a backscatter X-raysource is not disposed with said backscatter detectors in at least oneof said first vertical side, said second vertical side, and said tophorizontal side.
 11. A method for inspecting a vehicle, comprising:providing a portal defining an inspection area, said portal comprising afirst vertical side, a second vertical side, a top horizontal side, anda horizontal base defined by a ramp adapted to be driven over by avehicle, signalling a vehicle to drive over the ramp, irradiating avehicle with X-rays from a first source disposed on one side of theportal, detecting the X-rays transmitted through the vehicle, usingtransmission detectors disposed within the portal, to produce a firstoutput signal representative of the vehicle and contents thereof,irradiating the underside of the vehicle with X-rays from a secondsource disposed within the ramp, detecting X-rays scattered back fromthe vehicle, using backscatter detectors disposed within the ramp, toproduce a second output signal representative of the vehicle andcontents thereof, and correlating said first output signal and saidsecond output signal to produce a visual image of the vehicle andcontents thereof.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said first X-raysource is a high energy source having an energy ranging from 100 kVp to2 MV.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said second X-ray source is alow energy source having an energy ranging from 60 kVp to 250 kVp. 14.The method of claim 11, wherein said first X-ray source is operated whensaid second X-ray source is inactive.
 15. A scanning system forinspecting a vehicle, comprising: a portal defining an inspection area,said portal comprising a first vertical side and a second vertical sidespaced apart from each other and each having a top side; a third sideconnecting said two top sides; a ramp over adapted to be driven over bya vehicle; an X-ray source disposed on one side of the portal forgenerating an X-ray beam into the inspection area; a first set ofdetectors disposed within the portal for receiving X-rays transmittedthrough the vehicle; a second set of detectors disposed within the rampand the first, second and third sides of said portal for receivingX-rays backscattered from the vehicle, and an image processor forreceiving output signals from said first and second set of detectors andoverlaying said output signals onto a visual image of the vehicle andcontents thereof.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said first set ofdetectors is disposed on at least two of the same sides of the portal asthe second set of detectors.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein saidfirst set of detectors comprises a first detector and a second detectoradapted to measure an energy component of X-rays transmitted through thevehicle in a range of 0 keV to 50 keV and 20 keV to 200 keV,respectively, and a third detector to measure an energy component ofX-rays transmitted through the vehicle in a range of 100 keV to 2 MeV.18. The system of claim 17, wherein said three detectors are in astacked configuration.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein a differencebetween an output of the third detector and a sum of outputs of thefirst and second detectors is used to achieve material discrimination.20. The system of claim 15 further comprising a sensor to measure aspeed of the vehicle as it passes through the portal.
 21. (canceled)